1. What is the underlying lesion responsible for this murmur recorded over the apex?

2. What can an examiner do at the bedside to move the click associated with mitral valve prolapse closer to S1?

3. What condition does this patient have?

 

4. What condition does this patient have?

5. What finding is demonstrated in this recording?

6. Which of the following is the best description of Traube’s sign?

7. Is the murmur in this recording systolic or diastolic?

8. What additional finding might this patient have?

9. Is the murmur in this recording systolic or diastolic?

 

10. What condition might be expected in this patient?

 

11. This recording was taken over the femoral pulse in a patient with aortic regurgitation. What finding is present?

 

12. This murmur was recorded over the mid left sternal border in a young man who passed out during a basketball game. In the second half of the recording, the patient was asked to Valsalva. What other maneuver would be expected to result in an increase in murmur intensity?

13. Which of the following is the best description of a water hammer pulse?

14. You hear a holosystolic soft blowing murmur heard best at the left lower sternal border. What is the most likely cause?

15. What condition does this patient have?

 

16. In what location is this murmur typically heard best?

17. What electrocardiographic finding might be expected in this patient?

 

18. What valve has been replaced in this patient?

 

19. Which feature on auscultation best predicts the severity of aortic stenosis?

20. You hear a systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur over a patient’s right upper sternal border. What is the most likely cause?

21. Is the dominant murmur in this recording systolic or diastolic?

 

22. This murmur was recorded over the mid left sternal border in a young man who passed out during a basketball game. In the second half of the recording, the patient was asked to Valsalva. What additional finding might this patient be expected to have?

23. What is the name of the murmur in this recording?

24. What is the name for this murmur recorded over the apex?

25. This murmur was recorded over the mid left sternal border in a young man who passed out during a basketball game. In the second half of the recording, the patient was asked to Valsalva. What medication should be generally be avoided in this patient?

26. Is the dominant murmur in this recording systolic or diastolic?

27. What extra transient sound is heard just after S2 in this recording?

 

28. What electrocardiographic finding might be expected in this patient?

29. This murmur was recorded over the mid left sternal border in a young man who passed out during a basketball game. In the second half of the recording, the patient was asked to Valsalva. What condition does this patient have?

30. What term is used to describe this murmur recorded over the apex?

31. During what part of the cardiac cycle does this murmur occur?

32. Which of the following is the best description of Corrigan’s pulse?

33. What is the shape of the murmur in this recording?

34. What condition does this patient have?

35. What condition does this patient have?

36. This recording was taken over the femoral pulse in a patient with aortic regurgitation. What finding is present?

 

37. What is the cause of this murmur recorded over the apex?

38. What finding is demonstrated in this recording?

 

39. What feature of the peripheral pulse is most characteristic of aortic stenosis?

40. What is the underlying cause of the systolic murmur in this case?

41. What is the shape of the dominant murmur in this recording?

 

42. What condition does this patient have?

 

43. What can an examiner do at the bedside to increase the intensity of the murmur associated with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)?

44. What finding is demonstrated in this recording?

45. The murmur of aortic regurgitation is usually best heard over the 2^nd intercostal space of the right upper sternal border. True or false?

46. In what location is this murmur typically heard best?

47. Which of the following is the best description of Quincke’s pulse?

48. What can an examiner do at bedside to increase the intensity of the murmur associated with aortic stenosis?

49. What causes the increase in murmur intensity just before S1?

 

50. You hear a diastolic murmur at the LLSB. As the patient inhales, the sound increases. What is the most likely cause?

51. During what part of the cardiac cycle does this murmur occur?

 

52. You hear a late systolic murmur with a mid systolic click over the apex. What is the most likely cause?

53. An opening snap is a feature of which valvular lesion?

54. What cardiac event causes the v wave in the normal jugular venous waveform?

55. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

56. How many peaks are visible in the waveform in this video?

57. Which part of the normal jugular venous waveform occurs during ventricular systole?

58. What condition might be expected in this patient?

59. The JVP meniscus is visualized 5 cm above the Angle of Louis with the patient lying in 60 degrees. Which of the following is the best estimate of RA pressure?

60. Kussmaul’s sign can occur in which of the following settings?

61. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

62. Which part of the normal jugular venous waveform is not visible at the bedside?

63. Which time interval is longer?

64. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

65. What is the cause of the a wave in the jugular venous waveform?

66. What condition might be expected in this patient?

67. The presence of Lancisi’s sign (CV fusion wave) indicates which of the following valvulopathies?

68. What finding might be expected in a patient with this jugular venous waveform (top)?

69. Which of the following are characteristics of the normal jugular venous pulse?

70. What condition does this patient have?

71. What condition does this patient have?

72. What condition might be expected in this patient?

73.  Which of the following is the best description of Kussmaul’s sign?

74. True or false: Most of the time, JVP is a measure of volume status.

75. Assuming this patient is situated at 20 degrees, and the top of the pulse is 6 cm above the Angle of Louis, what is the jugular venous pressure?

76. Which heart sound corresponds to the timing of the x descent of the normal jugular venous pulse?

77. Which heart sound corresponds to the timing of the y descent in the normal jugular venous pulse?

78. What cardiac event causes the x descent in the normal jugular venous waveform?

79. What finding might be expected in this patient?

80. Jugular venous pressure is a surrogate of what?

81. Which part of the jugular venous waveform in this video is most striking?

 

82. Which of the following describes the pulse in this video?

83. The anatomical location of the JVP meniscus in the neck does what when the patient is reclined (e.g. moves from an upright position to lying at 45 degrees)?

84. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

85. How many peaks and troughs are visible in the waveform in this video?

 

86. Which blood vessel is directly visible in this video?

87. What condition might be expected in this patient?

88. Which of the following describes the pulse in this video?

89. What additional finding might be expected in this patient?

90. What condition might be expected in this patient?

91. Which image was taken with the patient in a more reclined position?

92. Which part of the jugular venous waveform in this video is most striking?

 

93. What is the mechanism of the abnormality in this jugular venous waveform?

94. Which descent of the normal jugular venous waveform is dominant?

95. How many troughs are found within the normal jugular venous waveform?

96. Which of the following is the best description of Carvallo’s sign?

97. What is the conversion of mm Hg to cm H2O?

98. Is the normal jugular venous pulse palpable or non-palpable?

99. What additional finding might be expected in a patient with the following?

100. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

101. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

102. Which heart sound corresponds to the timing of the ascent of the v wave in the normal jugular venous pulse?

103. Loss of the a wave can result from which of the following processes? 

104. What condition might be expected in this patient?

105. The angle of Louis sits how high above the right atrium in most patients in the supine position?

106. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

107. What is demonstrated in this video?

108. What cardiac event causes the y descent in the normal jugular venous waveform?

109. Which of the following is a direct cause of Kussmaul’s sign?

110. What cardiac event causes the a wave in the normal jugular venous waveform?

111. Which heart sound corresponds to the timing of the a wave of the normal jugular venous pulse?

112. What feature of the peripheral pulse is most characteristic of aortic stenosis?

113. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

114. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the diaphragm of the stethoscope. What additional finding might you expect this patient to have?

115. What electrocardiographic finding might be expected in this patient?

116. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the diaphragm of the stethoscope. What finding is present?

117.  Which of the following is the best description of Kussmaul’s sign?

118. Which of the following is the best description of Traube’s sign?

119. Which descent of the normal jugular venous waveform is dominant?

120. What finding is demonstrated in this recording?

121. During what part of the cardiac cycle does this murmur occur?

 

122. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

123. Is the normal jugular venous pulse palpable or non-palpable?

124. What condition does this patient have?

 

125. What valve has been replaced in this patient?

 

126. What condition might be expected in this patient?

127. Which heart sound corresponds to the timing of the a wave of the normal jugular venous pulse?

128. In what part of the cardiac cycle do the extra transient sounds occur?

 

129. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the bell of the stethoscope. What finding is present?

130. Which valve has been replaced in this patient?

131. Assuming this patient is in a supine position, and the top of the pulse is 6 cm above the Angle of Louis, what is the jugular venous pressure?

132. This murmur was recorded over the mid left sternal border in a young man who passed out during a basketball game. In the second half of the recording, the patient was asked to Valsalva. What additional finding might this patient be expected to have?

133. Pulsus paradoxus can occur in which of the following settings?

134. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the diaphragm of the stethoscope. During what part of the cardiac cycle does this extra sound occur?

135. The JVP meniscus is visualized 5 cm above the Angle of Louis with the patient lying at 20 degrees. Which of the following is the best estimate of RA pressure?

136. What finding is present?

137. What can an examiner do at the bedside to move the click associated with mitral valve prolapse closer to S1?

138. Pulsus alternans is an indication of which of the following?

139. Which heart sound corresponds to the timing of the ascent of the v wave in the normal jugular venous pulse?

140. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

141. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the bell of the stethoscope. During what part of the cardiac cycle does this extra sound occur?

142. What condition might be expected in this patient?

 

143. What additional finding might this patient have?

144. You hear a holosystolic soft blowing murmur heard best at the left lower sternal border. What is the most likely cause?

145. What extra transient sound is heard just after S2 in this recording?

 

146. Which time interval is longer?

147. What is the underlying cause of the systolic murmur in this case?

148. What is the name for this murmur recorded over the apex?

149. Compared to the diaphragm, the bell is better at picking up high frequency sounds. True or false?

150. What condition does this patient have?

151. What can cause a fixed split S2?

152. You hear a systolic crescendo-decrescendo murmur over a patient’s right upper sternal border. What is the most likely cause?

153. What transient sound is typically associated with a stiff ventricle?

154. A mid-systolic click is a feature of which valvular lesion?

155. Which heart sound corresponds to the timing of the y descent in the normal jugular venous pulse?

156. You hear a diastolic murmur at the LLSB. As the patient inhales, the sound increases. What is the most likely cause?

157. The anatomical location of the JVP meniscus in the neck does what when the patient is reclined (e.g. moves from an upright position to lying at 45 degrees)?

158. The differential diagnosis for an extra sound heard shortly before S1 includes which of the following?

159. Which part of the normal jugular venous waveform is not visible at the bedside?

160. In what location is this extra sound typically heard best?

161. What condition might be expected in this patient?

162. What can an examiner do at bedside to increase the intensity of the murmur associated with aortic stenosis?

163. What is the shape of the dominant murmur in this recording?

 

164. The differential diagnosis for an extra sound heard shortly after S2 includes which of the following?

165. This was recorded over the base of the heart. Where is the extra transient sound?

166. Which part of the jugular venous waveform in this video is most striking?

 

167. This recording was taken over the femoral pulse in a patient with aortic regurgitation. What finding is present?

 

168. What condition does this patient have?

 

169. What cardiac event causes the a wave in the normal jugular venous waveform?

170. What cardiac event causes the x descent in the normal jugular venous waveform?

171. What condition might be expected in this patient?

172. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

173. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the bell of the stethoscope. What finding is present?

174. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the bell of the stethoscope. During what part of the cardiac cycle does this extra sound occur?

175. What finding is present?

176. What condition does this patient have?

 

177. Is the murmur in this recording systolic or diastolic?

 

178. True or false: Most of the time, JVP is a measure of volume status.

179. Which of the following is the best description of Carvallo’s sign?

180. Is the dominant murmur in this recording systolic or diastolic?

181. Which feature on auscultation best predicts the severity of aortic stenosis?

182. The murmur of aortic regurgitation is usually best heard over the 2^nd intercostal space of the right upper sternal border. True or false?

183. What can an examiner do at the bedside to increase the intensity of the murmur associated with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM)?

184. Kussmaul’s sign can occur in which of the following settings?

185. What transient sound is typically associated with fluid overload?

186. What is demonstrated in this video?

187. Jugular venous pressure is a surrogate of what?

188. Which of the following statements regarding gallops is most accurate?

189. Which of the following describes the pulse in this video?

190. Is the dominant murmur in this recording systolic or diastolic?

 

191. Loss of the a wave can result from which of the following processes? 

192. What condition does this patient have?

193. What causes the increase in murmur intensity just before S1?

 

194. What can cause a paradoxically split S2?

195. How many troughs are found within the normal jugular venous waveform?

196. The angle of Louis sits how high above the right atrium in most patients in the supine position?

197. Which of the following are characteristics of the normal jugular venous pulse?

198. What finding is demonstrated in this video?

199. Which of the following describes the pulse in this video?

200. This murmur was recorded over the mid left sternal border in a young man who passed out during a basketball game. In the second half of the recording, the patient was asked to Valsalva. What condition does this patient have?

201. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the bell of the stethoscope. During what part of the cardiac cycle does this extra sound occur?

202. What blood vessel is visible in this video?

203. What condition might be expected in this patient?

204. During what part of the cardiac cycle does this murmur occur?

205. How many peaks are visible in the waveform in this video?

206. An opening snap is a feature of which valvular lesion?

207. This was recorded over the apex of the heart with the bell of the stethoscope. What condition might you expect this patient to have?

208. Which of the following is the best description of a water hammer pulse?

209. What is the underlying lesion responsible for this murmur recorded over the apex?