Summation Gallop

Patient 1:

This is a young woman with new systolic heart failure related to drug use. There is a gallop and because of tachycardia, it is difficult to determine whether it’s an S3 or an S4. It could be a summation gallop. (Notes: Oddly S2 appears to be the loudest sound over the apex and not S1. But this is only way it could be. The extra sound is just after S2 or just before S1, so could either be a 3 or a 4).

Patient 2:

60-something year old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy with a gallop on exam. Tachycardia makes determination of S3 vs S4 challenging.